Figure 7.2 Sanitation facility and service level
CHAPTER 7 WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE
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Sources: WHO/UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, https://washdata.org/; UNICEF, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys 6 (MICS6) questionnaire, http://mics.unicef.org/; Office of the National Patriotic Health Campaign Committee, Standards of Rural Household Toilet Construction, 2018
Figure 7.2
Similar to standard classifications of drinking water, sanitation facilities are also classified into two hierarchical levels based on technology shown in the table on the right. Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact. Since the adoption of the SDGs, the population using improved sanitation service is subdivided into three groups according to the level of service provided, namely safely managed, basic and limited services, which form the JMP service ‘ladders’ shown in the table on the left to enable benchmarking and comparison of progress across countries and facilitate enhanced monitoring and promoting sanitation services. Meanwhile, the JMP continues to monitor the population practicing open defecation, which is an explicit focus of SDG target 6.2.
In China, sanitation facilities are normally classified as sanitary latrines and unsanitary latrines. Sanitary latrines not only separate excreta from human contact, therefore meeting the JMP criteria for ‘improved’, it also requires the latrines to be clean without flies, maggots and odor, the storage pit water-sealed and fully covered by a slab with no excreta exposed, as well as the waste removed and treated to be harmless. Among sanitary latrines, those that can effectively kill pathogenic microorganism and prevent infection are categorized as harmless sanitary latrines. Harmless sanitary latrines include flush toilets/pour flush latrines to piped sewer system, three-compartment septic tank latrines, double-urn funnel-shaped latrines, three-in-one biogas septic tank latrines, urine-diversion latrines, and twin-vault alternating pit latrines. In order to meet the SDG criteria for safely managed sanitation services, the waste from sanitary latrines must either be safely treated in situ or removed and treated off-site.